Byzantine culture in the context of Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Byzantine studies is an interdisciplinary branch of the humanities that addresses the history, culture, demography, dress, religion/theology, art, literature/epigraphy, music, science, economy, coinage and politics of the Eastern Roman Empire. The German Humanist, Hieronymus Wolf is often credited with applying the name "Byzantine" to describe the Eastern Roman Empire first, which continued after the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD. About 100 years after the final conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans, Wolf began to collect, edit, and translate the writings of Byzantine philosophers. Other 16th-century humanists introduced Byzantine studies to Holland and Italy. The subject may also be called Byzantinology or Byzantology, although these terms are usually found in English translations of original non-English sources. A scholar of Byzantine studies is called a Byzantinist.

The history of Christianity in Ukraine dates back to the earliest centuries of the history of Christianity, to the Apostolic Age, with mission trips along the Black Sea and a legend of Andrew the Apostle even ascending the hills of Kiev. The first Christian community on territory of modern Ukraine is documented as early as the 4th century with the establishment of the Metropolitanate of Gothia, which was centered in the Crimean peninsula. However, on territory of the Old Rus in Kiev, Christianity became the dominant religion since its official acceptance in 989 by Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great), who brought it from Byzantine Crimea and installed it as the state religion of medieval Kievan Rus (Ruthenia), with the metropolitan see in Kiev.

Although separated into various Christian denominations, most Ukrainian Christians share a common faith based on Eastern Christianity. This tradition is represented in Ukraine by the Byzantine Rite, the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, which have been at various historic times closely aligned with Ukrainian national self-identity and Byzantine culture.

Macedonian Renaissance (Greek: Μακεδονική Αναγέννηση) is a historiographical term used for the blossoming of Byzantine culture in the 9th–11th centuries, under the eponymous Macedonian dynasty (867–1056), following the upheavals and transformations of the 7th–8th centuries, also known as the "Byzantine Dark Ages". The period is also known as the era of Byzantine encyclopedism, because of the attempts to systematically organize and codify knowledge, exemplified by the works of the scholar-emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos.

Eastern Orthodoxy in Turkey refers to adherents, communities and institutions of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Turkey. Within the ecclesiastical order of the Eastern Orthodox Church, territory of modern Turkey is traditionally divided between three patrimonial jurisdictions: western and central parts belong to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, southeastern regions belong to the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch, while some northwestern parts belong to the Georgian Orthodox Church. In historical terms, Eastern Orthodoxy was once the dominant religion in those territories, particularly during the time of the Byzantine Empire, as the region that comprises Turkey today was a central part of the Byzantine heritage. Today, less than one tenth of one percent of the population of Turkey are Eastern Orthodox Christians. The provinces of Istanbul and Hatay, which includes Antakya, are the main centers of Christianity in Turkey, with comparatively dense Christian populations, though they are minorities in these areas.

Architecture in Kievan Rus' comes from the medieval state of Kievan Rus' which incorporated parts of modern Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus, and was centered on Kyiv and Novgorod. Kievan Rus' architecture is the earliest period of both Russian and Ukrainian architecture, using the foundations of Byzantine culture but with use of innovations and architectural features. Most surviving architecture from this period consists of Russian Orthodox churches, or parts of the gates and fortifications of cities.

After the disintegration of Kievan Rus' and the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century, the architectural tradition of Kievan Rus' architecture continued in the principalities of Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, and Galicia-Volhynia. It had a direct influence on later Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian architecturural styles.

The history of Christianity in the territory today known as Ukraine dates back to the earliest centuries of the history of Christianity, to the Apostolic Age, with mission trips along the Black Sea and a legend of Andrew the Apostle even ascending the hills of Kiev. The first Christian community on territory of modern Ukraine is documented as early as the 4th century with the establishment of the Metropolitanate of Gothia, which was centered in the Crimean peninsula. However, on territory of the Old Rus in Kiev, Christianity became the dominant religion since its official acceptance in 989 by Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great), who brought it from Byzantine Crimea and installed it as the state religion of medieval Kievan Rus (Ruthenia), with the metropolitan see in Kiev.

Although separated into various Christian denominations, most Ukrainian Christians share a common faith based on Eastern Christianity. This tradition is represented in Ukraine by the Byzantine Rite, the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, which have been at various historic times closely aligned with Ukrainian national self-identity and Byzantine culture.

The pigache, also known by other names, was a kind of shoe with a sharp upturned point at the toes that became popular in Western Europe during the Romanesque Period. The same name is also sometimes applied to earlier similar Byzantine footwear.