Barbary corsairs in the context of "Barbary Coast"

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⭐ Core Definition: Barbary corsairs

The Barbary corsairs, Barbary pirates, Ottoman corsairs, or naval mujahideen (in Muslim sources) were mainly Muslim corsairs and privateers who operated from the North African coast, known in Europe as the Barbary Coast, in reference to the Berbers. Slaves in Barbary could be of many ethnicities, and of many different religions, such as Christian, Jewish, or Muslim. Their predation extended throughout the Mediterranean, south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard and into the North Atlantic as far north as Iceland, but they primarily operated in the western Mediterranean. In addition to seizing merchant ships, they engaged in razzias, raids on European coastal towns and villages, mainly in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, but also in Britain and Ireland, and Iceland (commemorated as the Turkish Abductions).

While such raids began after the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the 710s, the terms "Barbary pirates" and "Barbary corsairs" are normally applied to the raiders active from the 16th century onwards, when the frequency and range of the slavers' attacks increased. In that period, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli came under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, either as directly administered provinces or as autonomous dependencies known as the Barbary states. Similar raids were undertaken from Salé (see Salé Rovers) and other ports in Morocco.

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Barbary corsairs in the context of Regency of Algiers

The Regency of Algiers was an early modern semi-independent Ottoman province and nominal vassal state on the Barbary Coast of North Africa from 1516 to 1830. Founded by the privateer brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Reis (also known as the Barbarossa brothers), the Regency succeeded the Kingdom of Tlemcen as a formidable base that waged maritime holy war (Jihad) on European Christian powers. It was ruled by elected regents under a stratocracy led by Janissaries and corsairs. Despite its pirate reputation in Europe, Algiers maintained long-standing diplomatic ties with European states and was a recognized Mediterranean power.

The Regency emerged in the 16th-century Ottoman–Habsburg wars. As self-proclaimed ghazis gaining popular support and legitimacy from the religious leaders at the expense of hostile local emirs, the Barbarossa brothers and their successors carved a unique corsair state that drew revenue and political power from its naval warfare against Habsburg Spain. In the 17th century, when the wars between Spain and the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of England and Dutch Republic ended, Barbary corsairs started capturing merchant ships and their crews and goods from these states. When the Ottomans could not prevent these attacks, European powers negotiated directly with Algiers and also took military action against it. This policy would emancipate Algiers from the Ottomans.

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Barbary corsairs in the context of Lika Ceni

Lika Ceni (born 1749, Ulqin) known as Kapidan Likaceni, was a pirate leader from the Ottoman Empire.

Lika Ceni was a legendary Albanian pirate from Ulcinj. He reportedly was one of a number of Barbary corsairs who helped seize the port from Venice and stayed on raiding Venetian and other merchant ships along the Dalmatian coast.

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Barbary corsairs in the context of Barbary slave trade

The Barbary slave trade involved the capture of Europeans and selling them at slave markets in the largely independent Ottoman Barbary states of North Africa. Europeans were captured by Barbary corsairs in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Ireland, coasts of Spain and Portugal, as far north as Iceland and into the Eastern Mediterranean.

The Ottoman Eastern Mediterranean was the scene of intense piracy. As late as the 18th century, piracy continued to be a "consistent threat to maritime traffic in the Aegean".

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Barbary corsairs in the context of Tunis Eyalet

Ottoman Tunisia — also known as the Eyalet of Tunis or the Regency of Tunis — was a semi-autonomous territory of the Ottoman Empire, that existed from the 16th to the 19th century, located roughly in present-day Tunisia (and parts of what is now eastern Algeria.)

The Ottoman presence in the Maghreb began with the conquest of Algiers in 1516 by the Ottoman Turkish corsair, Beylerbey Aruj Barbarossa (Oruç Reis). In 1534, the Ottoman Navy under the command of Kapudan Pasha Hayreddin Barbarossa, Aruj's younger brother, captured Tunis from the Hafsid dynasty. Less than a year later, in 1535, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V sent a multinational invasion force to wrest control of Tunis, overwhelming the Ottoman garrison. Following the final Ottoman reconquest of Tunis from Spain in 1574, the Ottomans maintained control of Tunis for over three centuries. Ottoman rule came to an end following the French conquest of Tunisia in 1881.

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Barbary corsairs in the context of Ottoman Tunisia

Ottoman Tunisia also known as the Eyalet of Tunis or the Regency of Tunis — was a semi-autonomous territory of the Ottoman Empire, that existed from the 16th to the 19th century, located roughly in present-day Tunisia (and parts of what is now eastern Algeria.)

The Ottoman presence in the Maghreb began with the conquest of Algiers in 1516 by the Ottoman Turkish corsair, Beylerbey Aruj Barbarossa (Oruç Reis). In 1534, the Ottoman Navy under the command of Kapudan Pasha Hayreddin Barbarossa, Aruj's younger brother, captured Tunis from the Hafsid dynasty. Less than a year later, in 1535, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V sent a multinational invasion force to wrest back control of Tunis, overwhelming the Ottoman garrison. Following the final Ottoman reconquest of Tunis from Spain in 1574, the Ottomans maintained control of Tunis for over three centuries. Ottoman rule came to an end following the French conquest of Tunisia in 1881.

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Barbary corsairs in the context of Dey

Dey (Algerian Arabic: داي, from Ottoman Turkish: دایی, lit.'uncle') was the title given to the rulers of the regencies of Algiers, Tripolitania, and Tunis under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards. Twenty-nine deys held office from the establishment of the deylicate in Algeria until the French conquest in 1830.

The dey was chosen by local civilian, military, and religious leaders to govern for life and ruled with a high degree of autonomy from the Ottoman sultan. The main sources of his revenues were taxes on the agricultural population, religious tributes, and protection payments rendered by Corsairs, regarded as pirates who preyed on Mediterranean shipping. In the European part of the Ottoman Empire, in particular during its decline, leaders of the outlawed janissary and yamak troops sometimes acquired title of Dahi or Dahia, which is derived from Dey.

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