Isaac-Jacob Adolphe Crémieux (French: [adɔlf kʁemjø]; 30 April 1796 – 10 February 1880) was a French lawyer and politician who served as Minister of Justice under the Second Republic (1848) and Government of National Defense (1870–1871). Raised Jewish, he served as president of the Alliance Israélite Universelle (1863–67; 1868–80), secured French citizenship for Algerian Jews under French rule through the Crémieux Decree (1870), and was a staunch defender of the rights of the Jews of France.
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Adolphe Crémieux in the context of Crémieux Decree
The Crémieux Decree (French: Décret Crémieux; IPA: [kʁemjø]) was a law that granted French citizenship to the majority of the Jewish population in French Algeria (around 35,000). Signed by the Government of National Defense on 24 October 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, it was named after French-Jewish lawyer and Minister of Justice Adolphe Crémieux.
The decree automatically made the native Algerian Jews French citizens, while their Muslim Arab and Berber neighbors were excluded and remained under the second-class indigenous status outlined in the Native code (code de l'Indigénat). The decree did not grant citizenship to the Berber Mozabite Jews, who only acquired "common law civil status" and French citizenship in 1961, over ninety years later.