'Aql (Arabic: عَقْل, romanized: ʿaql, lit. 'intellect') is an Arabic term used in Islamic philosophy and theology for the intellect or the rational faculty of the soul that connects humans to God. According to Islamic beliefs, 'aql is what guides humans towards the right path (sirat al-mustaqim) and prevents them from deviating. In jurisprudence, it is associated with using reason as a source for sharia and has been translated as 'dialectical reasoning'.
Abu Hanifa (5 September 699 CE – 18 June 767 CE) was a Muslim scholar, ascetic and eponym of the Hanafi school of Sunni jurisprudence, which is by far the most widely followed in the modern day. His school predominates in Central Asia, Turkey, the Levant, Egypt, Russia, the Balkans and the Indian subcontinent.
He is best known for favoring the use of reason in his jurisprudential rulings, and even in his theology. He was named by al-Dhahabi as "one of the geniuses of the sons of Adam" who "combined jurisprudence, worship, scrupulousness, and generosity". In his lifetime, he was enormously popular among the massive slave underclass in Kufa, but made many enemies among Arabist traditionalists, especially for his promotion of reason over hadith and his ruling that Persian could be used in prayer.
In Islamic theology, createdness of the Qurʾān (خلق القرآن, kḫalq al-qurʾān) is the doctrinal position that the Quran was created rather than having always existed (thus being "uncreated").
One of the main areas of debate in aqida (Muslim theology) was the divine attribute of kalam (lit. word, speech) revealing itself through waḥy "revelation". Kalam is a counterpart to 'aql (Greek logos, "word", and thus "reason"). If the ʿaql/logos was part of God's essence or nature, then the Qur'an must therefore not be created. On the other hand, the Qur'an is written in Arabic (human speech) in the Arabic script, neither of which is eternal.